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Introduction to Semiconductor, energy bands in solids, the concept of effective mass, density of states, Fermi levels. PN Junction, Diode equation and diode equivalent circuit, Breakdown in diodes, Zener diode, Tunnel diode, Metal semiconductor junction – Ohmic and Schottky contacts, Characteristics and equivalent circuits of JFET, MOSFET. Low dimensional semiconductor devices – quantum wells, quantum wires, quantum dots. High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT), Solar cells – I-V characteristics, fill factor and efficiency, LED, LCD, and flexible display devices. Emerging materials for future Devices: Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes (CNT), ZnO, SiC, etc.
IC fabrication – crystal growth, epitaxy, oxidation, lithography, doping, etching, isolation methods, metallization, bonding, Thin film deposition, and characterization Techniques: XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, Thin-film active and passive devices, MOS technology and VLSI, scaling of MOS devices, NMOS and CMOS structures and fabrication, Characteristics of MOS transistors and threshold voltage, NMOS and CMOS inverters, Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) – structure, charge storage, and transfer, Basics of VLSI design, stick diagrams, Layout design rules
Rectifiers, Voltage regulated ICs and regulated power supply, Biasing of Bipolar junction transistors and FETs, operating point and stability, Amplifiers, Classification of amplifiers, Concept of feedback, Hartley, Colpitt’s and Phase Shift oscillators, Operational amplifiers (OPAMP) – characteristics, computational applications, comparators, Schmitt trigger, Instrumentation amplifiers, wave shaping circuits, Phase-locked loops, Active filters, Multivibrators, Voltage to frequency converters (V/F), frequency to voltage converters (F/V).
Logic Families, Logic Gates, Boolean algebra and minimization techniques, Combinational circuits, Programmable Logic Devices (PLD), CPLD, flip-flops, memories, Sequential Circuits: Counters – Ring, Ripple, Synchronous, Asynchronous, Shift registers, multiplexers and demultiplexers, A/D and D/A converters, Analysis and Design of fundamental mode state machines: State variables, State table, and State diagram. Sequential PLD, FPGA, Analysis and Design of digital circuits using HDL.
Introduction of Microprocessor 8086: Architecture, Addressing modes, instruction set, interrupts, Programming, Memory and I/O interfacing. Introduction of Microcontrollers – 8051 for embedded systems, Architecture and register set of Microcontroller 8051, Addressing modes, the Instruction set of 8051 – Data transfer instructions, Arithmetic instructions, Logic instructions, bit-level and byte-level control transfer instructions, 8051 assembly programming – stack operations, subroutines, interrupts, 8051 programmings as timer/counter, 8051 serial communication, 8051 interfacing RS232, LED/LCD, Keyboard, Stepper motor
Electrostatics – vector calculus, Gauss’s Law, Laplace and Poisson’s equations, Magnetostatics – Biot Savert’s law, Ampere’s law and electromagnetic induction, Maxwell’s equations and wave equations, Plane wave propagation in free space, dielectrics and conductors, Poynting theorem, Reflection and refraction, polarization, interference, coherence and diffraction, Transmission lines and waveguides – line equations, impedance, reflections and voltage standing wave ratio, rectangular waveguides. Antennas – retarded potential and Hertzian dipole, half-wave antenna, antenna patterns, radiation intensity, gain, effective area, and Frii’s free space receiver power equation.Microwave Sources and Devices -Reflex Klystron, Magnetron, TWT, Gunn diode, IMPATT diode, Crystal Detector, and PIN diode. Radar – block diagram of Radar, frequencies, and power used, Radar range equation.